Free Essays on Personal And Political Freedom

Individual and Political Freedom Numerous foreigners went to the United States for opportunity. They thought about America’s opportunity through media, promulgation, just as informal. The promulgation included data, for example, opportunity of religion, discourse, press, gathering, free instruction, right of private possession, right to a preliminary by jury, and essential social liberties to examine life, freedom, and bliss liberated from separation dependent on race, religion, or sexual sex. This meaning of opportunity originates from a person’s culture, foundation, impacts, and encounters throughout everyday life. There are a few outsiders whose lives depicted both individual and political opportunity. Opportunity in the United States is having individual freedom to seek after scholarly, passionate, and profound objectives under the assurance gave by the legislature. The establishment for American opportunity originates from both Thomas Jefferson and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Thomas Jefferson stated, â€Å"I would prefer to be presented to the inconveniencies going to an excessive amount of freedom than those going to too little a level of it.† Jefferson was a savant, teacher, naturalist, lawmaker, researcher, engineer, creator, pioneer in logical cultivating, artist, and essayist, and he was the preeminent representative for majority rules system of his day. Jefferson accepted opportunity was â€Å"That all men are made equivalent, that they are supplied by their Creator with certain unavoidable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the quest for Happiness.† Jefferson didn't begin the idea of government by assent, and the conviction that all individuals are enriched with specific rights that legislature can't encroach upon. These thoughts originated from European rationalists, Jacques Rousseau. He was a French logician, soci al and political scholar, artist, botanist, and one of the most persuasive journalists of the Age of Enlightenment. Rousseau’s wish was to ask whether it be conceivable, inside the common request, to find a legitima... Free Essays on Personal And Political Freedom Free Essays on Personal And Political Freedom Individual and Political Freedom Numerous migrants went to the United States for opportunity. They thought about America’s opportunity through media, purposeful publicity, just as informal. The publicity included data, for example, opportunity of religion, discourse, press, get together, free instruction, right of private proprietorship, right to a preliminary by jury, and essential social liberties to examine life, freedom, and satisfaction liberated from separation dependent on race, religion, or sexual sex. This meaning of opportunity originates from a person’s culture, foundation, impacts, and encounters throughout everyday life. There are a few foreigners whose lives depicted both individual and political opportunity. Opportunity in the United States is having individual freedom to seek after scholarly, enthusiastic, and otherworldly objectives under the assurance gave by the legislature. The establishment for American opportunity originates from both Thomas Jefferson and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Thomas Jefferson stated, â€Å"I would prefer to be presented to the inconveniencies going to an excess of freedom than those going to too little a level of it.† Jefferson was a scholar, teacher, naturalist, legislator, researcher, planner, innovator, pioneer in logical cultivating, performer, and essayist, and he was the first representative for majority rules system of his day. Jefferson accepted opportunity was â€Å"That all men are made equivalent, that they are supplied by their Creator with certain natural Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the quest for Happiness.† Jefferson didn't start the idea of government by assent, and the conviction that all individuals are invested with specific rights that legislature can't encroach upon. These thoughts originated from European savants, Jacques Rousseau. He was a French savant, social and political sc holar, artist, botanist, and one of the most persuasive authors of the Age of Enlightenment. Rousseau’s wish was to ask whether it be conceivable, inside the common request, to find a legitima...

The Rocking Hourse Winner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rocking Hourse Winner - Essay Example Glancing back at the prior occasions in the story, it very well may be seen that it was Hester; Paul's mom is exclusively liable for his passing. It ought to be noticed that Hester's craving to keep up the way of life she was familiar with began the voices in their home declaring that There ought to be more cash. Furthermore, it was likewise Hester who acquainted the idea of karma with Paul. With this, the life of Paul turned into a journey to stop the voices and to discover karma. These wants, which both started from his mom, executed him at long last. The story began by drawing a picture of Hester who was excellent, who began with all the favorable circumstances, yet she had no karma. Though this lady wedded the one that she truly adores and was honored with three kids, there stood this profound sentiment of inadequacy in her heart. Inside her, there is consistently this solid aching for the things that she doesn't have like wonderful garments, vehicles, gems, and other material belongings that no one but cash can purchase. She finds no delight in child rearing as she thinks of her as three little youngsters as extra weight that she should live with. Despite the fact that she attempts to be delicately and wanting to them, she realizes that in the focal point of her heart, she can't adore them. For certain reasons, her youngsters know about her absence of warmth and empathy to them. This is an implicit comprehension between the parent and their youngster: They read it in one another's eyes. This is even disturbed that the way that despite the fact that she leaves her yearning for cash implicit, her kids continually hears her longing. As the story advances, it tends to be seen that Paul built up the thought that his own mom doesn't cherish him. Her single want is to have cash. Accordingly, so as to win the fondness of her mother, Paul concocted his own specific manner of giving her the cash that she needs. It tends to be seen that Paul was doing everything to stop the murmurs that frequents their home by producing more cash. It tends to be seen that the young man does this not exclusively to extinguish his mom's unquenchable want for cash. It very well may be seen that Paul is much the same as whatever other conventional youngster whose principle want is to feel the glow of his mom's warmth. It very well may be seen that Paul related the voices to the mother's deficient with regards to feeling of culmination and satisfaction. The young man expected that on the off chance that he can prevent the murmurs from fr equenting their home, his mom will quit needing more cash. Along these lines, his mother can adore him the manner in which he truly needs to. Be that as it may, rather than halting the voices in the house, the appearance of more cash in Paul's home made the murmurs become stronger, requesting more cash. It ought to be noticed that the appearance of the cash didn't fulfill Hester. In the wake of perusing the letter from the legal counselor her face become solidified and turn out to be increasingly passive. She needs considerably more cash causing Paul hears the voices developing a lot stronger. This caused him serious misery as it implies his inability to bring enough cash. This is even declined by the failure of the young man to figure the triumphant pony in the two past races. Subsequently, Paul was seized by strains as he strongly needed to know the triumphant pony for the Derby. After fiercely riding his shaking horse one night, Paul was at last ready to know the triumphant pony for the race. This may have overpowered him with delight since this implies he will have the option to bring more cash into their home, halting

Essay on Speech for Freedom by Patrick Henry

Essay on Speech for Freedom by Patrick Henry Speech for Freedom by Patrick Henry Jan 11, 2019 in History Give me Liberty, or Give me Death by Patrick Henry Freedom, for sure, is one of the greatest values for every nation, society, state, and, of course, for every person. The importance of independence is equal to peace, love, friendship, family, and justice. What must society do when enemies occupy its land, cover waters, when invaders destroy the national identity? In this case, people must make a choice between two eternal values: freedom and peace. In 1765, Patrick Henry was elected to the lower House of Representatives in the colony of Virginia (House of Burgesses). In 1775, he presented an impassioned speech in the Parliament of Virginia in defense of the rights of American citizens. From that time, the phrase Give me liberty or give me death became classic. The young American lawyer Patrick Henry was one of the first who had understood a real British intention to capture American soil forever. Actually, he saw the only one way to obtain an independent, free, and sovereign state to fight. Henry was convinced that people had to battle for independence, honor, dignity, freedom, and country; they had to fight, because there was no other option.

The Great Social Media Divide - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 646 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Is social media helping or harming our society? The many scandals and addictions of social media have revealed how being our society is more harmful than it is being helpful. Social media had an original purpose of connecting people and acting as a positive social outlet. There are four major drawbacks of social media, diminishing of social connectedness, increased bullying, increased access to infidelity and has drawn a barrier in individuals helping in emergency situations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Great Social Media Divide" essay for you Create order As you continue to read more details and elaboration will arise in my stance on why social media are more harmful than helpful. Research shows that social media has a detrimental effect on the social connectedness (Savci et al. 210). A social connectedness is relationships or how individuals come together and interact. Subsequently social media can cause a reduction of social connectedness. Social media can lead to a weakness for social ties and social connectedness can decrease (Savci et al. 210). The question then becomes Can we have successful relationships outside of social media? The answer is no. This addiction to social media takes away that time to learn how to read non-verbal cues and pick up on unhealthy interactions. Strike one for social media. here has been a growing concern over the last few years, in regard to cyberbullying. Additional extensive research was conducted of bullying amongst elementary schools. There is no doubt an increase in the number of online bullying incidents, as we have seen in the news lately. We have also recently seen so many deaths that have stemmed from cyberbullying. Some may argue that it is a rare occasion but in actuality it is not. In a study on cyberbullying and victimization, 83% of participants reported cyber victimization occurred outside of school (DePaolis et al. 385). Would you want bullying to follow your child home on those tiny little things we call cell phones? No! Strike two for social media. Social media has also opened doors for many individuals to date and seek out long-lasting relationships. But what happens when you catch Annie on your husbands Facebook personal messages or when you find out you husband John met Annie on Linked In? Granted, we cant get mad at the other part y considering our spouse opened the door for infidelity, but we can be upset with how easy it was for them to meet and cheat. Also, people have always found ways to cheat on their spouses during hard times, social media has made it so much easier. With the increased number of individuals getting caught, we have an increased number of relationships and families ending. Strike three social media. I have seen numerous amounts of videos finding its way onto my social media news feeds with vulgar images of fighting, watching people die and even images of children being physically and sexually abused. These images surface more rapidly than do positive images. I have personally witnessed individuals seeing someone hurt or in need of emergency assistance but instead of helping they are recording the incident, so they can get the most likes. We are addicted to the thumbs up and hearts on our social media accounts. How can someone record another individual dying or a kid being beaten and not intervene? You are out social media! Although social media has played a very intricate role in shedding light on political concerns, reconnecting families, networking, empowerment and as an emotional outlet, it has still managed to damage the greater society. I beg parents to reduce or limit the amount of social media use for young children. I also challenge adults to scale back as it interferes with our ability to hold intimate and professional conversations. Social media was intended to be a positive way to connect and network but instead has done more harm than good. My intentions are to persuade you into the idea that social media is harming our society.

first aid - 2113 Words

1.1 Describe the common types of fractures There are two types of fracture called open and closed. A closed fracture is where the skin is unbroken, but the internal damage to surrounding tissue can be seen as swelling. An open fracture has a wound. The bone may or may not be protruding. There is also internal damage to surrounding tissue. 1.2 Describe how to manage a fracture. A casualty with a fracture needs to keep still and not move the injured part. The treatment for a closed fracture is to reduce the risk of further injury by preventing the casualty from moving the fracture and to get medical help. You need to: 1. Support the injured limb 2. Immobilise the affected part 3. Dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance 4. Treat for shock. The†¦show more content†¦Compression of the brain Compression of the brain – a condition called cerebral compression – is very serious and almost invariably requires surgery. Cerebral compression occurs when there is a build-up of pressure on the brain. This pressure may be due to one of several different causes, such as an accumulation of blood within the skull or swelling of injured brain tissues. Cerebral compression is usually caused by a head injury. However, it can also be due to other causes, such as stroke, infection, or a brain tumour. The condition may develop immediately after a head injury, or it may appear a few hours or even days later. For this reason, you should always try to find out whether the casualty has a recent history of a head injury. Recognition †¢ Deteriorating level of response – casualty may become unconscious. There may also be: †¢ history of a recent head injury †¢ intense headache †¢ noisy breathing, becoming slow †¢ slow, yet full and strong pulse †¢ unequal pupil size †¢ weakness and/or paralysis down one side of the face of body †¢ high temperature; flushed face †¢ drowsiness †¢ Noticeable change in personality or behaviour, such as irritability or disorientation. Your aim †¢ To arrange urgent removal of the casualty to hospital. Treatment †¢ Dial 999 for an ambulance. If the casualty is conscious: †¢ keep them supported in a comfortable resting position and reassure them †¢ Regularly monitor and record vital signs – level of response, pulse, and breathing – untilShow MoreRelatedFirst Aid1435 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION First aid is the immediate assistance or treatment given to someone injured or suddenly taken ill before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor, or other appropriate qualified persons. It is a skill, based on knowledge, training and experience. First aid training is important as it is relevant at home, work place or industries and any other place. The term â€Å"FIRST AIDER† is usually applied to someone who has completed a theoretical and practical instruction course, and passed a professionallyRead MoreFirst Aid2010 Words   |  9 Pages  first aid kit  is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving  first aid.[1]  First aid kits may be made up of different contents depending on who has assembled the kit and for what purpose. It may also vary by region due to varying advice or legislation between governments or organisations. |Contents | |  [hide] | |1  Format Read MoreFirst Aid Essay2939 Words   |  12 PagesPart One # - Assessment Task: PEFAP 001 Paediatric Emergency First Aid (1.1) Identified the responsibilities a of a paediatric first aider. The responsibilities of a paediatric first aider is to make sure that every person you attend to you have to make sure that you have comforted the individual, making sure that they are as calm as possible. This is to ensure that you can treat that individual as best as you can, it is important to act quickly and efficiently as possible. (1Read MoreThe Abc Of First Aid Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION This coursework requires me to explain about the concept of ABC, how it’s applied in casualty management as well as the unconscious patient, the causes of unconsciousness and many others. My first approach I will define ABC then I will do other requirements. The ABC of first aid is a mnemonic designed to help people remember how to respond to an emergency situation in which someone is injured. There are many other mnemonics and variants, but it is probably the most useful one for layRead MoreFirst Aid Study Notes1390 Words   |  6 PagesFirst Aid Notes Q. Why is first aid important? A. It is better to know first aid and not need it than to need it and not know it. Q. What is first aid? A. First aid is the immediate care give to an injured or suddenly ill person. Q. What is Duty of Care? A. While providing first aid you have a duty of care which requires you to assess and treat the casualty within the confines of your training and expertise i.e. you must only do what you are trained to do. Q. What is CPR A. CPR stands for CARDIOPULMONARYRead MoreEffectiveness Of Integrating First Aid Education Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Effectiveness of integrating first-aid education in school curricula at Wenzhou-Kean University. Description: The timely first-aid provided by bystanders is critical to minimize deaths or permanent injuries resulting from accidents. Although the first-aid training programs have been systemically integrated into undergraduate curricula in most advanced countries, little recognition for first-aid education is currently given in most non-medical universities in China. Therefore, the aims of thisRead MoreWhy Cpr and First Aid Are Important746 Words   |  3 Pagesmaster the skills of CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation) and first aid training. You can learn CPR and first aid training by taking a training course that teaches vital skills people can use, so they can handle and cope with emergencies, such as a chocking child, burns or scalds, or someone who has stopped breathing. Learning CPR and first aid is the simplest and most important skills anyone can learn. You can learn CPR and first aid in as little as 4.5 hours. Taking this time to learn these skillsRead MoreEssay about First Aid in the Workplace2125 Words   |  9 PagesFirst Aid is extremely important in the work place. Sudden injuries or illnesses, some of which may be life-threatening, occur at work. It can be something that is often overlooked in the workplace because of its simplicity. First Aid can be as simple as treating a small scrape so it does not become infected to keeping a person alive by performing CPR. OSHA describes the definition of first aid as medical attention that is usually administered immediately after the injury occurs. This attentionRead MoreTraining Plan Proposal: First Aid and Cpr Training1447 Words   |  6 Pagesstakeholders, including patients and employees. In order to discover the strengths and weaknesses of first aid and CPR training in our office, a needs assessment was conducted during a period of several months prior to the development of this training program. The needs assessment revealed that the current staff is unfamiliar with the concepts and skills needed to properly assess and administer first aid. A pre-training assessment administered by the American Red Cross revealed that the potential traineesRead MoreLevel 2 Paediatric Emergency First Aid Essay3947 Words   |  16 PagesCU1514 Paediatric Emergency First Aid 20 pages 1.1 Identify the responsibilities of a paediatric first aider. I should aim to preserve life, prevent the condition worsening, and promote recovery. Responsibility Description -Remain calm at all times Appear confident and reassuring -Conduct a scene survey Assess the situation without Endangering my own life. -Conduct a primary survey Identify and assess the extent of the Illness, injury or condition of the casualty

Successful and unsuccessful organizations Free Essays

The success rate of a business organization is determined by the level of satisfaction it has being able and is still capable of rendering to those who patronize its services or products. It also9 depend on the level of trust the clients or buyers have for the service or product from the organization. This will form the bases whether they will continue to patronize the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Successful and unsuccessful organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now The quality services and product has always being the reckoning force for successful business organizations. Thus, most successful business organizations have adopted the Total Quality Management (TQM) as a tool for the expansion of their success rate and also curving an edge for themselves over their counterparts in contemporary business world. Total quality is about bringing about a fundamental culture change within an organization. The foundation of the new culture has to be faith- that there is a better way of doing things, and that we are really fully committed to it. According to KPMG (2005), â€Å"Total quality means adopting a customer- oriented business strategy. † This write- up tends to be base on Hilton International as a case stu7dy. Here, the organization operations in the past, present will be studied to see whether it will be successful or not in the next five years to come. HILTON INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION Hilton International organization is a name to be reckoned with when it comes to hostel industry world over. It has spread its tentacles to developing programmes such as esprit and Hilton University used in training its manpower. The organization is a Multi- International Corporation. Hilton International (HI) owns the right to the Hilton brand name throughout the world, with the exception of the USA, where the Hilton brand is owned and managed by Hilton Hotels Corporation (HHC). The Hilton International operates 403 hotels, with some 261 branded Hilton and 142 under the mid- market Scandic brand. The Hilton International and the North American Hilton Hotel Corporation has a global alliance which extends the number of hotels operated by both companies worldwide to over 2,700- over 500 of which are branded Hilton. Also, both organizations share responsibility for the Conrad brand which includes 17 hotels in 12 countries (national business awards, 2005). Hilton International started its operation in hotel business in postwar cities, with its modest services of offering a clean environment, air- conditioned respite and a cheeseburger. The Hilton hotels were designed for political impact during this time. The hotels were seen as â€Å"little America†, where businessmen and tourists in Europe and the Middle East could retreat from the disturbingly alien into the comfortable services provided by the Hilton hotels. These same features lent the Hilton a utopian aura, for the economically exhausted local population where a space of luxury and promise which realized permanently and prominently, the new and powerful presence of the United States (Wharton, 2001) The Hilton International built 16 luxury hotels abroad between 1953 and 1966. â€Å"All were planned according to the Hilton programme and styled as ‘corporate modern’- the same form that distinguished the American embassies and consulates proliferating in the period† (ibid). The Hilton was the first significant modern structure, introducing a striking visual contrast to the vernacular fabrics of places such as Istanbul, Cairo, Athens and Jerusalem. The new architecture impact was amplified by the hotel’s unprecedented siting and scale. As already stated, the ideological base of the creation of Hilton International was not only for profit maximization, but also for political considerations. According to Conrad Hilton, â€Å"Hilton International Hotels were constructed not only to earn Hilton shareholders a profit, but also to make a political impact on host countries; an integral part of my dream was to show the countries most exposed to communism the other side of the coin†¦. the fruits of the free world† (ibid). Hence, the American government had assisted the corporation in no small measure in expanding its base internationally. The capital for the construction of the earlier Hiltons was commonly provided not by the corporation itself, but by institutions in the host countries, with occasional subsidies from the American Economic Co-operation Administration with the support of the US Department of state. Hilton envisioned a global peace where universal capitalism reign. The consistent modernity of the original Hiltons has made it lost its authority and bears no utopian meaning. This has to do with the remodeling of Hilton International in order to make it remain fashionable. THE ORGANIZATION’S STRATEGY AND PRESENT STANDING. The Hilton international is recognized presently as the world best known hotel. It triumphed at the prestigious UK National Business Awards for a second year by winning the coveted ‘Broad-system Customer Focus Award 2005’. Previous year the organization won the Best Marketing Strategy Award. (National business awards, 2005). The Hilton International has operated a business strategy that makes its customers to have the best quality of service. The organization embrace a creative marketing agency, campaign works. This has supported Hilton’s new brand strategy. The strategy first embraced industry and customer research. Innovation Hubs were set up to turn lifestyle analysis and research into a contemporary hotel experience and conventional thinking was challenged which contributed to the creation of the new customer brand promise. The next phase saw the development of innovative internal and external marketi9ng tools that communicated and delivered the brand strategy throughout the organization and to the customer. The embraced strategy of Hilton International has led to its outstanding success with significant commercial returns. Hilton is now the number one hotel brand in every global market with higher guest satisfaction, improved team member satisfaction and increased financial perfo4rmance (ibid). The Hilton International is expanding its manpower knowledge through its Hilton University. Currently, there are 8000 team members, team leaders, departmental managers and general managers in 70 countries in the Hilton University. The university is recognized as a world standard for management development in the hospitality industry. It has a primary focus of a web- based delivery of core management and skill development with the goal of maintaining world-class customer service throughout the Hilton International organization. The Hilton International sees it as a challenge to increase and broaden the reach of the university to serve even more emp0loyees worldwide, to increase the sophistication of learning activities it offers and to more directly link learning and skills development with the company’s business results. The Sum Total learner management system is aimed at developing more in-depth, blended learning programs, incorporating employee competencies by job role and function, and aligning them with specific content and business goals. (elearnity. com, 2004) According to John Guthrie, head of International management development at Hilton International, ‘what sets Hilton apart is the immense pride we take in the standards of service we deliver to all our guests. Sum-Total will help us measure the effectiveness of certain training programs- for example in e-commerce and reservations – in increasing customer satisfaction†(ibid) In year 2000, Hilton International unveiled a plan to double the speed at which it opens hotels around the world. The shares of the organization enjoyed a massive 40 per cent rise since Hilton announced plans to expand Ladbrokes, into internet betting. The online betting becomes interesting to investors, even though its hotel business accounts for more than two thirds of the group’s profits. (Lindsay City, 2000) The present crave for internet betting has made the organization take its turn in partaking in the business. Turnover of the Hilton in 2000 slipped to 4. 23 billion pounds from 4. 68 billion pounds, mostly as a result of selling off the Corals betting shop chain. The hotel division, bolstered by Stakis, saw profits rise from 181 million pounds to 264 million pounds. In year 2003, the Hilton International sees the increase in its revenue. Hilton reported a pretax profit before exceptional and goodwill for the first half, of 110. 5 million pounds, down from 130 million pounds the previous year. Hilton plans to open 17 new hotels in 2003, with most of them incorporating either management contracts or franchises, and will continue to open around 20 each year going forward. HILTON INTERNATIONAL POTENTIELS FOR SUCCESS OVER THE NEXT FIVE YEARS. The historical and present operations of the Hilton International have shown that the organization strategy is a strong base for its success in years to come. Total Quality Management as a management tool is used by the organization to continue to win its customers’ patronage. The strategy sees that customers are given the best standard quality of services. This business strategy has made the Hilton International to win the UK National Business awards for 2004 and 2005. The Hilton Business strategy, as discussed earlier on, has a creative marketing agency, campaign works which help in supporting industry and customer research, innovative internal and external marketing tools that communicate and delivers brand strategy throughout the organization and to the customer. This is in practice in the organization. Also, the divers and expanding business operations of the Hilton International would make the organization to continue to succeed. Even, if one or more business unit of the Multi Corporation experiences a d own ebbs in its operational level, other chains and units that is successful would keep the organization going. As already discussed the Hilton International operates a university where its manpower are trained and equipped with the professional skill in delivering standard services to its customers. In this instance, the practice of Strategic Human Resource Management is put in place, where the workforce of the organization are integrated into the strategic operation of the corporation, in order to attain the organization’s objectives and long term goals. This practice tends to bring the achievement of best results, and thereby making the Hilton International organization to succeed over the next five years to come and more. How to cite Successful and unsuccessful organizations, Papers

Sexual Crimes Against Women Scenario in Delhi Essay Example

Sexual Crimes Against Women: Scenario in Delhi Essay Following the spine-chilling and horrific gangrape and brutalisation of a 23-year-old in the national capital on Sunday, when  Tehelka  asked how the rapes could be stopped, there was only one refrain: attitude to women must change; the legal process of dealing with the  crime  must speed up; and men must be educated and ‘sensitised’ about women’s issues. Twenty personalities —   lawyers, activists, writers, filmmakers –  suggest some real solutions. ‘Attitudes to women and recognition of their full range of rights should be linked to recruitment, promotion’ Karuna Nundy, advocate, Supreme Court of India There’s so much outrage this time, and outrage can change things. But the conviction of these rapists is clearly not enough, sexual  violence  runs deep in  Delhi  and unless we deal with the source, it’ll continue to pour forth. Here are some changes I’d like to see. †¢ Attitudes to women in the criminal justice system. Attitudes to women and recognition of their full range of rights should be linked to recruitment, promotion. The system should recognise and reward good police officer, a good magistrate, a good prosecutor by their attitudes to Dalit women, to lesbians, to sexually active women wearing skimpy clothing. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Crimes Against Women: Scenario in Delhi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Crimes Against Women: Scenario in Delhi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Crimes Against Women: Scenario in Delhi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also penalise actors in the criminal justice system for the opposite, i. e. discriminatory behaviour. So when a policeman or woman, a prosecutor or a judge is recruited, their attitudes need to be part of the interview. †¢ Masculinity: Equality training in various spheres should be included in schools — what kind of citizens are we looking to produce? Showing children early on that people of other gender, other castes, religions are equal needs to be central to our education system. We’ve been thinking of the Dalit boy sitting in corner of classroom, who sees a cartoon that’s discriminatory. Think also of the girl who only sees Maharani Laxmibai and Sarojini Naidu in her history books. Teach women they are equal, and they are more likely to be treated that way. We need self defence classes in school for girls. And to teach boys that girls are equal. Boys should also be given empathy training to show them what it’s like to be a girl. Anger management courses have been proven to work. †¢ Allowing women to sue for money damages and injunctions in civil cases would help to go along with criminal cases. We need civil damages for victims of  crime  in India, it’s an easier forum for her to navigate, also on principle, she should be compensated for the psychological and material damage she is caused as well as have the perpetrator punished. †¢ Reform criminal justice system: The low conviction rate for  rape  Ã¢â‚¬â€ some figures show only 27 percent convictions — is also why rapists are not that scared and victims reluctant to go to court. Police reforms have been waiting to be implemented since the 1980s — police in  Delhi  need better investigation methods, find the right guy, ways to preserve evidence. We don’t have proper witness protections programmes, or the best prosecutors — though the victim’s lawyer being allowed to be present now helps somewhat. †¢ Some of the important changes — like quicker trials enabled by more judges and courtrooms are reforms the whole criminal justice system needs. Also you have to have to be able to complain effectively if your prosecutor is not competent or has been bribed. ‘What we need to do, and urgently, is two-pronged: systemic social change and legal reform’ Mihira Sood, advocate Rape exists because of a patriarchal, misogynistic culture that condones it, whether tacitly or explicitly, and because of widespread lawlessness that encourages it. What we need to do, and urgently, is two-pronged: systemic social change and legal reform. We must educate people, starting at the school level, about respect for women, for personal spaces and for the rule of law. We need to introspect, all of us, on how we contribute to the objectification of women, from the popular culture we consume to the way we bring up our children — from where it’s a slippery slope to a twisted and unjust understanding of sexual assault in legal terms. In terms of the law, we urgently need a more comprehensive and inclusive definition of sexual  violence, critical amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure that will reduce the time taken for trials, fast track courts for sexual assault cases, harsher punishments and a serious programme of police reform and sensitisation. All of these are doable, and all are equally crucial — not just for better implementation but also to signal the seriousness with which such crimes will be viewed. Unfortunately, there appears to be little political will for any of these measures, which is where the media and the increasingly powerful voice of public — spirited citizens will have to take centrestage. ‘Men are raised in our society to think that we are men because we demand, we take, we win, we conquer’ Gautam Bhan, queer activist, academic and consultant Men are not born biologically violent — we make them so. Our responses to sexualviolence  must recognise, name, and both institutionally and individually counter the dangerous mix of impunity and entitlement at the core of contemporary masculinity that allows such  violence. Boys and men are raised in our society to think that we are men because we demand, we take, we win, we conquer. Add to that the sense of impunity pervasive in our cities on all fronts due to the failure of our institutions and we are brought to where we are today. We cannot legislate good behaviour, as the saying goes, we have to build its DNA — in schools, in homes, in public spaces, in our media — that must begin by refusing, unlearning and denying this entitlement and the  violence  it takes to live it as the only way to be â€Å"men. † The outrage on this incident is welcome but the solution lies outside the law, in the mindset of the people’ Tridip Pais, lawyer I don’t think what is needed is an increase in punishment or in speed of trial. What is required is a systemic change. The Mangalore pub incident also reflected the attitude of the Indian male. Boys were trying to get women to conform to certain standards. It is a high form of  vio lence  to subjugate a woman who otherwise wouldn’t pander to your ego. Rape is the worst form of that violation. It is a way of subjugating women and an attempt to establish their superiority through  violence. Men have not been able to accept that they need to respect women. During every war and riot men have wanted to violate women. Every riot today is followed by sexual  violence. This happened in Gujarat too. It is a way of saying that I am superior. Harsher punishment won’t take you very far. A psychiatrist, Dr Mitra did a survey with rapists. He asked them if they would have committed the  crime  if the punishment was death penalty. Most respondents said that in that case they would have killed the woman. I am also against the death penalty. I do not endorse  violenceby the state in any form. The implementation of law is very poor. Further the court staff, typist and the defense counsel treat  rape  cases as salacious gossip. Men need to go through a sea change on their attitude to women. There should be gender sensitisation classes in primary and secondary education. Bureaucrats, officers concerned with maintaining law and order and the security forces should also be sensitised. A nationalist like Sushma Swaraj would defend the rapist if he was in the security force and the incident had occurred on the border. The outrage on this incident is welcome but the solution lies outside the law, in the mindset of the people. We need to tackle the  rape  case, misogyny in office and the Mangalore pub incident equally seriously. A quick trial can have adverse impacts. It will be difficult to prove a lot of things with such less time. One should have enough time to argue out a case. A time limit of one year sounds reasonable. Further, life imprisonment if implemented properly should work as punishment. ‘The community and the Police need to work together. This involves security at vulnerable places, at critical hours’ Kiran Bedi, former IPS officer We had started gender sensitisation training at the police institute in collaboration with a gender training institute. It needs to be a continuous process. Unfortunately in government institutes rather then continue good practices tend to get broken down. The system breaks them down. After I left the gender training was discontinued. Rape is rooted in two reasons. It is primarily a foundational issue. It is the failure of social norms, from the family to educational institutes, to exercise control. Thus society has gone weaker and become loose. People then behave like loose canons. They may have gone to school, but that is not education, that is literacy. Today the boys only want Mazaak and Mazaa- and that obviously means disrespect for women. The police is a step behind and not in step with society. It is not audited and is monopolistic in nature. If you don’t conduct social audits, you don’t receive any feedback from the community. How are you to strategise without any feedback from the ground? The system suffers from a statistical approach. So, while you may have failed professionally you are still successful statistically. Statistics hide information. Statistics state there is only a marginal increase in  rape  cases. But hardly anyone reports them. These things perpetuate  crime  and embolden the criminal. In the good old days we used to do group patrolling. The community and the police used to work together. Now they have abandoned support schemes such as citizens volunteer schemes. We used to maintain a rough register that contained names of ruffians. The officers used to visit their homes and check on them. We even kept an eye on school dropouts. Nobody was out of sight. We did that with minimum manpower and maximum community support. Good policing means that the law is the same for everyone. We never spared any VIP. It was all about being accountable to the community. Today, the police is accountable only to the VIP. We need to rise to the challenge and co-opt private security if there is a problem of manpower. I have trained thousands of boys and girls in civil defense. Where are they? Where are the citizen wardens? There are four steps to what I call the Complete Criminal Justice System: - SEXUAL CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN: SCENARIO IN DELHI Abstract (English) Sexual crimes against women are on the rise. The crimes are widely prevalent in every society, though most of them remain undetected and unreported. In India, sexual harassment, molestation and rape of women are common. Most of these sexual crimes are being committed by relatives and close acquaintances of the victim. Sexual crimes against psychiatric patients are also increasingly being reported. The common places where these crimes against psychiatric patients are committed (in decreasing frequency) are houses, offices, police custodies, prisons, homes for mentally retarded, hostels, orphanages, hospitals etc. There is need to increase the public awareness (to increasingly report the sexual crimes) and speedily implement the existing laws to curb this growing menace. Introduction The very mention of the word sex titillates the senses, makes the blood run faster in the minds and hearts of all alike. Sigmund Freud had said that sexual satisfaction is analogous to satisfaction of hunger. Sex is a natural phenomenon and is necessary for the continuity of human race on this planet of earth and sexual exploitation is the worst form of degradation of those who indulge in it. Chastity is very important in the life of an Indian woman. Virginity is considered as an essential prerequisite for a girl to become a bride. The violation of virginity subjects a woman to considerable shame and humiliation. There are various ways and forms in which sexual exploitation is practised. The most perverted and degrading form is rape. The term rape is derived from the Latin Word rapere meaning to steal, seize or carry away, it implies hiding and attacking woman by man for the satisfaction of his sexual desire. It is the ultimate violation of self. Incidence of rape, particularly among young and adolescent girls is reported almost daily. It has become part of almost every TV serial, where various methods of procuring the women are reported. Rape shakes the very foundations of victims life. It not only humiliates and makes a woman powerless, but for many, the effects are long lasting. The capacity for personal relationship gets impaired and endless fear is generated (Aggarwal, 1995; Pratidhi, 1996). Various womens organizations are working throughout the world to protect the women against atrocities but in spite of these efforts, the atrocities are increasing day by day. Sexual crimes against women in India are very common (Aggarwal, 1997). Though most of these remain undetected and unreported, the actual incidence is on the rise (IMA, 1996). The crimes which are reported represent only the part of the tip of iceberg. The reasons cited for low reporting in India are many like due to  family pressure  (especially when the head of the family or a close relative is involved);  social pressure  (especially when an important member of the society is involved);  personal reasons  (IMA 1996) due to lack of awareness or being not able to report due to psychosis or due to fear of being further ridiculed and unaccepted;  cultural factors  (when incestuous relations or premarital sex is culturally accepted); legal reasons (due to lack of faith in law-enforcing agencies or due to fear of being exploited) or judicial factors (when the enforcement law is laxed and judicial decision takes a very long time or due to fear of being further tortured by repeated and prolonged interrogation especially in rape victims resulting in reliving of rape-trauma syndrome) (Makkar, 1996); when crimes are being done in institutions (i. e. Mental Hospitals, Home for Socially Destitute Women, Police Stations or Pr isons); and also due to non-availability of documentation centres. Scenario In The World It has been reported in the West that every nine minutes a woman is raped and this does not include the unreported cases (Aggarwal, 1995). It is believed that for every case that finds its way into police files, two, three or even four are never reported. Many women feel that nothing will be done about it anyway and she will be put under harassment and shame. The victim may appear frightened because assailants may have threatened to return and kill her or her near one if she went to the police. Finkelhors study (1979) revealed that 20% of female and 10% of male students had been sexually abused as children. One estimate is that one in six women will be raped in her lifetime. The incidence is continuously increasing (Martin et al, 1983). In a study of rape cases in the USA, Smithyman (1995) (Characteristics of undetected rapists) says that for every 100 rape cases, only 25 are reported to the police, only 13 persons are arrested, 9 persons prosecuted and less than 5 convicted. The National Crime Victim Survey in Australia found that only 32% of victims of rape or attempted rape had reported the crime. In India also, the actual incidence of crime, is about ten times more than what is reported (IMA 1996). Scenario in India In a report (Hindustan Times, 1996a), a total of 12,204 cases were reported in the country against 11,204 cases in 1993 and 12,351, in 1994. As far as molestation is concerned, in 1993 as many as 20,985 cases were reported which increased to 24,117 in 1994 and touched a high of 25,446 in 1995. Despite the fact that Delhi is having the highest per capita income, it has more than 2. 1 million people living in poverty. the majority of girls and women are vulnerable to diseases, crime and exploitation. Most of the victims are unskilled and illiterate. The capital is becoming ever more unsafe for women and girls with a crime rate of 341 per million compared to 9. 5 for all over India in 1993. During 1993, as many as 233 rape cases were reported which rose to 322 in 1994, 377 in 1995 and to 470 in 1996 showing an increase in 28. 38% of registered crime (Hindustan Times, 1997). The figures for unreported crime is not known. The various studies have shown that the reporting of heinous crime like rape is more as compared to other sexual crimes of harassment and exploitation. An analysis of 470 rape cases has shown that 88% of the rape cases were committed by relatives and close acquaintances of the victim. Of 30 rapes committed by relatives of the victims, the fathers were responsible for 8 of them. Other close relatives were father-in-law, uncles, cousins, ex-husbands, step fathers and brother-in-laws. Close acquaintances who criminally violated young girls include doctors, lovers, servants and fellow travelers (Hindustan Times, 1996b). This has also been reported from the West (Hilberman, 1980; Koss, 1980; Martin, 1983). Sexual Crimes In Delhi According to a report of Delhi State Commission for Women, out of the 470 cases of rape, 60% of cases were of girls below 16 years of age, about 42% of the rape victims were in 10-16 age groups compared to 23% in the country. Table  1:  CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN Year| 1993| 1994| 1995| 1996| Dowry death| 107| 158| 167| 131| Rape| 233| 322| 277| 470| Molestation of women| -| 521| 675| 499| Cruelty by in-laws| -| 985| 1042| 832| Eve Teasing| -| 1668| 2796| 1987| In addition to the trauma of rape (Carman, 1984), the victims suffer further agony during the legal proceedings. The victim is not only forced to re-live through the traumatic experience, but is forced to do so in a totally alien atmosphere with the whole of the criminal justice system focused upon her. So, the victim undergoes two crisis (i) the rape (ii) the subsequent trial. She not only needs legal aid but empathy, safety, reassurance and proper rehabilitation (Burman et al, 1988). A female social worker should be allowed to be present whenever the victim of rape is interrogated by police. Rape is an experience which shakes the foundations of the lives of the victims. For many, its effect is a long term one impairing their capacity for personal relationships, altering their behaviors and values and generating endless fear. Rape has been described as not an act of sex but an act of violence with sex as the primary weapon, which may lead to a wide variety of physical and psychological reactions. Sutherland and Scherl have described shock, dismay and non-specific anxiety as the hree psychological responses of the victims of rape, whereas Burgess et al define a rape-trauma syndrome in 2 stages (i) an immediate or an acute (disorganization) phase characterized by emotional reaction of several kinds viz. tension symptoms together with feelings of guilt and hu miliation and (ii) a long term (reorganization) phase during which the victim readjust her life as far as possible during the second phase, she may at times complain of nightmares and phobias. Apart from rape, there are other forms of sexual exploitation i. e. molestation of a woman, eve-teasing etc. These types of crimes also leave one or other form of mental trauma. The number of cases in these categories is also on the increase as evident from the table I. Dowry deaths and cases relating to cruelty by husband and in-laws showed decline during 1996. Experience From Psychiatry Outpatient Department 5-10% of all cases attending the department report of experiencing sexual torture (Bhatia 1998) and in a majority, combination of torture methods (i. e. physical, psychological and sexual) are common. Though the exact prevalence of sexual crimes is not known but it is believed that 90% of physical and sexual assaults reported by psychiatric patients were committed by family members (Hilberman, 1980; Koss, 1980; Martin, 1983; Bhatia, 1998; Harman, 1986; Walker, 1989). The psychiatric disorders have been more commonly reported in sexually abused women and vice versa. The experience from our psychiatry outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital, Delhi reflects that the sexual crimes against psychiatric patients are common. Either the psychiatric illness especially psychosis or mental retardation predisposes a person to the risk of sexual torture or the sexual crime may trigger the onset of a psychiatric illness. The experience of last five years in our outpatient department is depicted in tables 2 and 3. S. No. | Psychiatric disorder| Sexual Torture(Number of cases)| 1| Schizophrenia| 18| 2| Mania| 05| 3| Endogenous depression| 10| 4| Generalized Anxiety Disorder| 04| | Neurotic Depression| 06| 6| Hysteria (conversion/Dissociation)| 13| 7| Post traumatic stress disorder| 05| 8| Psychalgia| 10| 9| Somatoform disorders| 13| 10| Sleep disorder| 04| 11| Elimination disorder| 07| 12| Eating disorder| 02| 13| Attention Deficit Disorder| 03 | 14| Mental retardation| 12| 15| Drug dependence| 03| 16| Attempted suicide| 11| 17| Others| 05| | TOTAL| 131| Table  2: PATTERN OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER AND SEXUAL TORTURE S. No. | Perpetrator| Number of cases*| 1| Parent| 37| 2| Uncle or relative| 72| 3| Sibling| 12| 4| Teacher| 09| 5| Warden| 07| 6| Stranger| 28| 7| Physician| 02| 8| Police| 04| Table  3: PERPETRATORS OF SEXUAL CRIMES includes more than one torturer. The places where the sexual exploitation and torture are experienced by psychiatric patients (reported in decreasing frequency) are houses, offices, police custodies, prisons, homes for mentally retarded, hostels, orphans, hospitals and SOS villages Homes for destitute women. Self Harm And Sexual Crimes Women who have experienced sexual abuse are more likely to be engaged in self destructive acts (Bagley, 1986). In a report by National Crime Records Bureau of India (1993) illegitimate pregnancy and sexual abuse has been reported as an important cause of suicide a mong females and its incidence is on the rise. At our centre, about 8% girls and women had a suicidal attempt after being sexually exploited. Indian Laws Molestation of Women This is also known as indecent assault and is punished under section 354 IPC. Age of the woman is immaterial, young or old, intelligent or imbecile, awake or sleeping, a woman possesses a modesty capable of being outraged. The reaction of the woman is very relevant but its absence is not decisive. Eve-Teasing Whenever a person utters any word, makes any sound or gesture or exhibits an object or intrudes upon the privacy of a woman with intent to insult the modesty of such woman the offence under Section 509 IPC is committed. Dowry-death and cruelty by in-laws Dowry deaths or suicides by married women as a result of their being subjected to cruelty by in-laws, constitute a slur on the Hindu society. More often cruelty emanates from the failure of the parents of women to meet the exacting demands for dowry by the in-laws of the victims. Our anxiety on this score has darkened into dread which in turn has dwindled into despair. The legislature stepped in by putting on the statue book Section 304B (dowry death) and Section 498A (cruelty) IPC. Both these provisions have background and have the objective of prevention of marital offences against helpless women as also provision of deterrent punishment for such offences. Section 498A of the IPC says whoever being the husband or relative of the husband of a woman subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall be liable to fine. Cruelty has been defined as any willful conduct which drives the woman to commit suicide or grave mental or physical injury to her, or harassment of the woman with a view to coerce her for dowry. According to law if a woman commits suicide within seven years of her marriage and there is evidence of cruelty, the court may presume, having regarded other circumstances of the case, that the husband or his relatives have abetted the suicide. Likewise under Section 304B IPC, which provides for punishment for dowry deaths, where the death of a woman is caused by burns or bodily injury or occurs otherwise than under normal circumstances within 7 years of her marriage and it is shown that soon before her death she was subjected to cruelty or harassment for dowry, the presumption is that the husband or his relatives caused the death. The punishment for the offence is imprisonment for not less than 7 years extendable to life. Apart from special statutory provisions mentioned above, to protect the incidence of atrocities against women, National Commission for Women and special police cells have also been set up. In these cells, cases of all kinds of harassment of women are looked into. Conclusions The sexual crimes against women are on the rise. The crimes are widely prevalent in every society though most of them remain undetected and unreported. An awareness must be created in the community to motivate the victims to report, also more and more reporting centres (in community with NGOs or hospitals) must be opened to overcome the fear and lack of faith in the law-enforcing agencies which will help in speedily enforcing the existing laws, and also to open up more centres for counseling in the community, offices as well as in the hospitals (Bisson and Shephard, 1995; Lopez et al, 1992). Further Research In The Country Since the exact Indian data regarding prevalence and reporting of sexual crimes against women is lacking, more studies are warranted in the community especially with the help of physicians, NGOs and law-enforcing agencies. The medico legal and psychological problems of rape victims, women prisoners, institutionalized chronic mentally ill women and girls in orphans and homes for mentally retarded need special attention. http://www. anilaggrawal. com/ij/vol_001_no_002/paper004. html